UNIVERSAL MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

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Features

UMTS, regulating W-CDMA, supports limit fanciful interpretation send rates of twenty-one Mbit/s (with HSDPA), nonetheless during a impulse users in deployed networks can pattern a send rate of up to 384 kbit/s for R99 handsets, as well as 7.2 Mbit/s for HSDPA handsets in a downlink connection. This is still most incomparable than a 9.6 kbit/s of a singular GSM error-corrected circuit switched interpretation channel or mixed 9.6 kbit/s channels in HSCSD (14.4 kbit/s for CDMAOne), andn foe to pick network technologies such as CDMA2000, PHS or WLANffers entrance to a World Wide Web as well as pick interpretation services upon mobile devices.

Precursors to 3G have been 2G mobile telephony systems, such as GSM, IS-95, PDC, CDMA PHS as well as pick 2G technologies deployed in opposite countries. In a box of GSM, there is an expansion trail from 2G, to GPRS, additionally well well well well known as 2.5G. GPRS supports a most improved interpretation rate (up to a fanciful limit of 140.8 kbit/s, yet customary rates have been closer to 56 kbit/s) as well as is parcel switched rsther than than tie oriented (circuit switched). It is deployed in most places where GSM is used. E-GPRS, or EDGE, is a serve expansion of GPRS as well as is formed upon some-more complicated coding schemes. With EDGE a tangible parcel interpretation rates can strech around 180 kbit/s (effective). EDGE systems have been mostly referred as “2.75G Systems”.

Since 2006, UMTS networks in most countries have been or have been in a routine of being upgraded with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), infrequently well well well well known as 3.5G. Currently, HSDPA enables downlink send speeds of up to twenty-one Mbit/s. Work is additionally surpassing upon mending a uplink send speed with a High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). Longer term, a 3GPP Long Term Evolution plan skeleton to pierce UMTS to 4G speeds of 100 Mbit/s down as well as 50 Mbit/s up, regulating a subsequent era air interface record formed upon Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.

The initial inhabitant consumer UMTS networks launched in 2002 with a complicated importance upon telco-provided mobile applications such as mobile TV as well as video calling. The tall interpretation speeds of UMTS have been right away most mostly employed for Internet access: believe in Japan as well as elsewhere has shown which user direct for video calls is not high, as well as telco-provided audio/video calm has declined in recognition in foster of high-speed entrance to a World Wide Web – presumably yet delay upon a handset or successive to a mechanism around Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Infrared or USB.

Technology

UMTS combines 3 opposite air interfaces, GSM’s Mobile Application Part (MAP) core, as well as a GSM family of debate codecs.

Air interfaces

UMTS provides multiform opposite human air interfaces, called UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). All air interface options have been partial of ITU’s IMT-2000. In a right away most renouned assorted for mobile mobile telephones, W-CDMA (IMT Direct Spread) is used.

Please note which a conditions W-CDMA, TD-CDMA as well as TD-SCDMA have been misleading. While they indicate covering customarily a channel entrance routine (namely a assorted of CDMA), they have been essentially a usual names for a sum air interface standards.

Non-terrestrial air wave entrance networks have been right away underneath research.

W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD)

Main article: W-CDMA (UMTS)

UMTS conductor upon a roof tiles of a building

W-CDMA uses a DS-CDMA channel entrance routine with a span of 5 MHz channels. In contrast, a competing CDMA2000 element uses a single or some-more capricious 1.25 MHz channels for any citation of communication. W-CDMA systems have been during vast criticized for their vast spectrum usage, which has behind deployment in countries which acted comparatively solemnly in allocating brand brand brand brand brand new frequencies privately for 3G services (such as a United States).

The specific magnitude bands creatively tangible by a UMTS customary have been 18852025 MHz for a mobile-to-base (uplink) as well as 21102200 MHz for a base-to-mobile (downlink). In a US, 17101755 MHz as well as 21102155 MHz will be used instead, as a 1900 MHz rope was already utilized. While UMTS2100 is a most widely-deployed UMTS band, a small countries’ UMTS operators have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of a 850 MHz and/or 1900 MHz bands (independently, definition uplink as well as downlink have been inside of a same band), particularly in a US by AT&T Mobility, New Zealand by Telecom New Zealand upon a XT Mobile Network as well as in Australia by Telstra upon a Next G network.

W-CDMA is a partial of IMT-2000 as IMT Direct Spread.

UTRA-TDD HCR

Main article: UTRA-TDD HCR

UMTS-TDD’s air interfaces which have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of a TD-CDMA channel entrance technique have been standardised as UTRA-TDD HCR, which uses increments of 5 MHz of spectrum, any cut widely separated in to 10ms frames containing fifteen time slots (1500 per second). The time slots (TS) have been allocated in bound commission for downlink as well as uplink. TD-CDMA is used to multiplex streams from or to mixed transceivers. Unlike W-CDMA, it does not need apart magnitude bands for up- as well as downstream, permitting deployment in parsimonious magnitude bands.

TD-CDMA is a partial of IMT-2000 as IMT CDMA TDD.

TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate)

Main article: TD-SCDMA

TD-SCDMA uses a TDMA channel entrance routine sum with an adaptive during a same time CDMA member upon 1.6 MHz slices of spectrum, permitting deployment in even tighter magnitude bands than TD-CDMA. However, a categorical inducement for growth of this Chinese-developed customary was avoiding or shortening a permit fees which have to be paid to non-Chinese obvious owners. Unlike a pick air interfaces, TD-SCDMA was not partial of UMTS from a commencement yet has been sum in Release 4 of a specification.

Like TD-CDMA, it is well well well well known as IMT CDMA TDD inside of IMT-2000.

Radio entrance network

Main article: UTRAN

UMTS additionally specifies a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), which is stoical of mixed bottom stations, presumably regulating opposite human air interface standards as well as magnitude bands.

UMTS as well as GSM/EDGE can share a Core Network (CN), creation UTRAN an pick air wave entrance network to GERAN (GSM/EDGE RAN), as well as permitting (mostly) pure switching in in in in between a RANs according to accessible coverage as well as have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of needs. Because of that, UMTS’ as well as GSM/EDGE’s air wave entrance networks have been infrequently collectively referred to as UTRAN/GERAN.

UMTS networks have been mostly sum with GSM/EDGE, a after of which is additionally a partial of IMT-2000.

The UE (User Equipment) interface of a RAN (Radio Access Network) essentially consists of RRC (Radio Resource Control), RLC (Radio Link Control) as well as MAC (Media Access Control) protocols. RRC custom handles tie establishment, measurements, air wave dispatcher services, confidence as well as handover decisions. RLC custom essentially divides in to 3 Modes – Transparent Mode (TM), Unacknowledge Mode (UM), Acknowledge Mode (AM). The functionality of AM entity resembles TCP operation where as UM operation resembles UDP operation. In TM mode, interpretation will be sent to revoke layers yet adding any header to SDU of aloft layers. MAC handles a scheduling of interpretation upon air interface depending upon aloft covering (RRC) configured parameters.

Set of properties associated to interpretation delivery is called Radio Bearer (RB). This set of properties will confirm a limit authorised interpretation in a TTI (Transmission Time Interval). RB includes RLC report as well as RB mapping. RB mapping decides a mapping in in in in between RB<->logical channel<->transport channel. Signaling outline will be send upon Signaling Radio Bearers (SRBs) as well as interpretation packets (either CS or PS) will be sent upon interpretation RBs. RRC as well as NAS messages will go upon SRBs.

Security includes twin procedures: firmness as well as ciphering. Integrity validates a apparatus of outline as well as additionally have certain which no a single (third/unknown party) upon air wave interface has not mutated message. Ciphering have certain which no a single listens your interpretation upon air interface. Both firmness as well as ciphering will be practical for SRBs where as customarily ciphering will be practical for interpretation RBs.

Core network

Main article: Mobile Application Part

With Mobile Application Part, UMTS uses a same core network customary as GSM/EDGE. This allows a elementary emigration for exiting GSM operators. However, a emigration trail to UMTS is still costly: whilst most of a core infrastructure is usual with GSM, a price of obtaining brand brand brand brand brand new spectrum licenses as well as overlaying UMTS during existent towers is high.

The CN can be successive to assorted fortitude networks similar to a Internet, ISDN. UMTS (and GERAN) embody a 3 lowest layers of OSI model. The network covering (OSI 3) includes a Radio Resource Management custom (RRM) which manages a dispatcher channels in in in in between a mobile terminals as well as a bound network, together with a handovers.

Spectrum allocation

Main article: UMTS magnitude bands

Over 130 licenses have already been awarded to operators worldwide (as of Dec 2004), naming W-CDMA air wave entrance record which builds upon GSM. In Europe, a permit routine occurred during a tail finish of a record bubble, as well as a auction mechanisms for grant set up in a small countries resulted in a small intensely tall prices being paid for a strange 2100 MHz licenses, particularly in a UK as well as Germany. In Germany, bidders paid a sum 50.8 billion for 6 licenses, twin of which were subsequently deserted as well as created off by their purchasers (Mobilcom as well as a Sonera/Telefonica consortium). It has been referred to which these outrageous permit fees have a impression of a really vast taxation paid upon destiny income approaching most years down a road. In any event, a tall prices paid put a small European telecom operators tighten to failure (most particularly KPN). Over a final couple of years a small operators have created off a small or all of a permit costs. More recently, a conduit in Finland has proposed regulating 900 MHz UMTS in a usual agreement with a surrounding 2G GSM bottom stations, a citation which is approaching to raise over Europe in a subsequent thirteen years.

The 2100 MHz UMTS spectrum allocated in Europe is already used in North America. The 1900 MHz operation is used for 2G (PCS) services, as well as 2100 MHz operation is used for heavenly physique communications. Regulators have, however, liberated up a small of a 2100 MHz operation for 3G services, together with a 1700 MHz for a uplink. UMTS operators in North America who wish to exercise a European character 2100/1900 MHz element will have to share spectrum with existent 2G services in a 1900 MHz band.

AT&T Wireless launched UMTS services in a United States by a finish of 2004 particularly regulating a existent 1900 MHz spectrum allocated for 2G PCS services. Cingular acquired AT&T Wireless in 2004 as well as has given afterwards launched UMTS in name US cities. Cingular renamed itself AT&T as well as is rolling out a small cities with a UMTS network during 850 MHz to raise a existent UMTS network during 1900 MHz as well as right away offers subscribers a series of UMTS 850/1900 phones.

T-Mobile’s rollout of UMTS in a US will concentration upon a 2100/1700 MHz bands, given UMTS coverage in Canada is being supposing upon a 850 MHz rope of a Rogers Wireless network. In 2008, Australian telco Telstra transposed a existent CDMA network with a inhabitant 3G network, branded as NextG, handling in a 850 MHz band. Telstra right away provides UMTS have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of upon this network, as well as additionally upon a 2100 MHz UMTS network, by a co-ownership of a owning as well as administrating association 3GIS. This association is additionally co-owned by Hutchison 3G Australia, as well as this is a initial network used by their customers. Optus is right away rolling out a 3G network handling upon a 2100 MHz rope in cities as well as most vast towns, as well as a 900 MHz rope in informal areas. Vodafone is additionally office building a 3G network regulating a 900 MHz band. In India BSNL has proposed a 3G services given Oct 2009 commencement with a incomparable cities as well as afterwards expanding over to not as big cities. The 850 MHz as well as 900 MHz bands yield incomparable coverage compared to homogeneous 1700/1900/2100 MHz networks, as well as have been most appropriate matched to informal areas where incomparable distances apart subscriber as well as bottom station.

Carriers in South America have been right away additionally rolling out 850 MHz networks.

Interoperability as well as tellurian roaming

UMTS phones (and interpretation cards) have been rarely portablehey have been written to ramble simply onto pick UMTS networks (if a providers have in motion agreements in place). In addition, roughly all UMTS phones have been UMTS/GSM dual-mode devices, so if a UMTS phone travels outward of UMTS coverage during a call a call might be transparently handed off to accessible GSM coverage. Roaming charges have been customarily significantly aloft than unchanging have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of charges.

Most UMTS licensees cruise ubiquitous, pure tellurian in motion an critical issue. To capacitate a tall grade of interoperability, UMTS phones customarily await multiform opposite frequencies in further to their GSM fallback. Different countries await opposite UMTS magnitude bands Europe primarily used 2100 MHz whilst a most carriers in a USA have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of 850Mhz as well as 1900Mhz. T-mobile has launched a network in a US handling during 1700 MHz (uplink) /2100 MHz (downlink), as well as these bands have been additionally being adopted elsewhere in a Americas. A UMTS phone as well as network contingency await a usual magnitude to work together. Because of a frequencies used, early models of UMTS phones directed towards for a United States will expected not be operable elsewhere as well as clamp versa. There have been right away eleven opposite magnitude combinations used around a worldncluding frequencies before used customarily for 2G services.

UMTS phones can have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of a Universal Subscriber Identity Module, USIM (based upon GSM’s SIM) as well as additionally work (including UMTS services) with GSM SIM cards. This is a tellurian customary of identification, as well as enables a network to brand as well as substantiate a (U)SIM in a phone. Roaming agreements in in in in between networks concede for calls to a patron to be redirected to them whilst in motion as well as establish a services (and prices) accessible to a user. In further to user subscriber report as well as authentication information, a (U)SIM provides storage space for phone book contact. Handsets can store their interpretation upon their own mental recall or upon a (U)SIM label (which is customarily some-more singular in a phone book hit information). A (U)SIM can be changed to an additional UMTS or GSM phone, as well as a phone will take upon a user sum of a (U)SIM, definition it is a (U)SIM (not a phone) which determines a phone series of a phone as well as a billing for calls done from a phone.

Japan was a initial nation to adopt 3G technologies, as well as given they had not used GSM formerly they had no need to set up GSM harmony in to their handsets as well as their 3G handsets were not as big than those accessible elsewhere. In 2002, NTT DoCoMo’s FOMA 3G network was a initial blurb UMTS networksing a pre-release specification, it was primarily exclusive with a UMTS customary during a air wave turn yet used customary USIM cards, definition USIM label formed in motion was probable (transferring a USIM label in to a UMTS or GSM phone when travelling). Both NTT DoCoMo as well as SoftBank Mobile (which launched 3G in Dec 2002) right away have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of customary UMTS.

Handsets as well as modems

T-Mobile UMTS Personal Computer Card modem

The Nokia 6650, an early UMTS handset

All of a vital 2G phone manufacturers (that have been still in business) have been right away manufacturers of 3G phones. The early 3G handsets as well as modems were specific to a frequencies compulsory in their country, which meant they could customarily ramble to pick countries upon a same 3G magnitude (though they can tumble behind to a more aged GSM standard). Canada as well as USA have a usual share of frequencies, as do most European countries. The essay UMTS magnitude bands is an general outlook of UMTS network frequencies around a world.

Using a mobile router, PCMCIA or USB card, commercial operation have been means to entrance 3G broadband services, in any box of their preference of mechanism (such as a inscription Personal Computer or a PDA). Some program installs itself from a modem, so which in a small cases positively no believe of record is compulsory to get online in moments. Using a phone which supports 3G as well as Bluetooth 2.0, mixed Bluetooth-capable laptops can be successive to a Internet. Some smartphones can additionally action as a mobile WLAN entrance point.

There have been roughly no 3G phones or modems accessible ancillary all 3G frequencies (UMTS850/900/1700/1900/2100 MHz). However, most phones have been charity some-more than a single rope which still enables endless roaming. For example, a tri-band chipset handling upon 850/1900/2100 MHz, such as which found in Apple’s iPhone, allows have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of in a infancy of countries where UMTS-FDD is deployed.

Other competing standards

The categorical aspirant to UMTS is CDMA2000 (IMT-MC), which is grown by a 3GPP2. Unlike UMTS, CDMA2000 is an evolutionary ascent to an existent 2G standard, cdmaOne, as well as is means to work inside of a same magnitude allocations. This as well as CDMA2000’s narrower bandwidth mandate have it simpler to muster in existent spectra. In some, yet not all, cases, existent GSM operators customarily have sufficient spectrum to exercise presumably UMTS or GSM, not both. For example, in a US D, E, as well as F PCS spectrum blocks, a volume of spectrum accessible is 5 MHz in any direction. A customary UMTS element would sate which spectrum. Where CDMA2000 is deployed, it customarily co-exists with UMTS. In most markets however, a co-existence emanate is of small relevance, as legislative hurdles exist to co-deploying twin standards in a same protected cut of spectrum.

Another aspirant to UMTS is EDGE (IMT-SC), which is an evolutionary ascent to a 2G GSM system, leveraging existent GSM spectrums. It is additionally most easier, quicker, as well as extremely cheaper for wireless carriers to “bolt-on” EDGE functionality by upgrading their existent GSM delivery hardware to await EDGE than carrying to implement roughly all mint apparatus to broach UMTS. However, being grown by 3GPP just as UMTS, EDGE is not a loyal competitor. Instead, it is used as a proxy resolution preceding UMTS roll-out or as a element for farming areas. This is facilitated by a actuality which GSM/EDGE as well as UMTS selection have been mutually grown as well as rest upon a same core network, permitting dual-mode operation together with straight handovers.

China’s TD-SCDMA customary is mostly seen as a competitor, too. TD-SCDMA has been sum to UMTS’ Release 4 as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps Low Chip Rate (UTRA-TDD LCR). Unlike TD-CDMA (UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps High Chip Rate, UTRA-TDD HCR) which complements W-CDMA (UTRA-FDD), it is befitting for both micro as well as macro cells. However, a miss of vendors’ await is preventing it from being a genuine competitor.

While DECT is technically able of competing with UMTS as well as pick mobile networks in densely-populated, civic areas, it has customarily been deployed for made at home cordless phones as well as in isolation in-house networks.

All of these competitors have been supposed by ITU as partial of a IMT-2000 family of 3G standards, along with UMTS-FDD.

On a Internet entrance side, competing systems embody WiMAX as well as Flash-OFDM.

Migrating from GPRS to UMTS

From GPRS network, a following network elements can be reused:

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC) (vendor dependent)

Authentication Center (AUC)

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) (vendor dependent)

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

From Global Service for Mobile (GSM) report exchnage air wave network, a following elements cannot be reused

Base hire controller (BSC)

Base transceiver hire (BTS)

They can sojourn in a network as well as be used in twin network operation where 2G as well as 3G networks co-exist whilst network emigration as well as brand brand brand brand brand new 3G terminals turn accessible for have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of in a network.

The UMTS network introduces brand brand brand brand brand new network elements which duty as specified by 3GPP:

Node B (base station)

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Media Gateway (MGW)

The functionality of MSC as well as SGSN changes when starting to UMTS. In a GSM element a MSC handles all a circuit switched operations similar to joining A- as well as B-subscriber by a network. SGSN handles all a parcel switched operations as well as transfers all a interpretation in a network. In UMTS a Media gateway (MGW) take caring of all interpretation send in both circuit as well as parcel switched networks. MSC as well as SGSN carry out MGW operations. The nodes have been renamed to MSC-server as well as GSN-server.

Problems as well as issues

Some countries, together with a United States as well as Japan, have allocated spectrum otherwise from a ITU recommendations, so which a customary bands most ordinarily used for UMTS (UMTS-2100) have not been available. In those countries, pick bands have been used, preventing a interoperability of existent UMTS-2100 equipment, as well as requiring a pattern as well as make of opposite apparatus for a have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of in these markets. As is a box with GSM900 today, customary UMTS 2100 MHz apparatus will not work in those markets. However, it appears as yet UMTS is not pang as most from handset rope harmony issues as GSM did, as most UMTS handsets have been multi-band in both UMTS as well as GSM modes. Quad-band GSM (850, 900, 1800, as well as 1900 MHz bands) as well as tri-band UMTS (850, 1900, as well as 2100 MHz bands) handsets have been apropos some-more commonplace.

The early days of UMTS saw rollout hitches in most countries. Overweight handsets with bad battery hold up were initial to arrive upon a marketplace rarely supportive to weight as well as form factor. The Motorola A830, a entrance handset upon Hutchison’s 3 network, weighed some-more than 200 grams as well as even featured a detachable camera to revoke handset weight. Another poignant emanate concerned call reliability, associated to problems with handover from UMTS to GSM. Customers found their connectors being forsaken as handovers were probable customarily in a single citation (UMTS GSM), with a handset customarily becoming opposite behind to UMTS after unresolved up. In most networks around a universe this is no longer an issue.

Compared to GSM, UMTS networks primarily compulsory a aloft bottom hire density. For fully-fledged UMTS incorporating video upon direct features, a single bottom hire indispensable to be set up each 11.5 km (0.620.93 mi). This was a box when customarily a 2100 MHz rope was being used, however with a flourishing have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of of lower-frequency bands (such as 850 as well as 900 MHz) this is no longer so. This has led to augmenting rollout of a lower-band networks by operators given 2006.

Even with stream technologies as well as low-band UMTS, telephony as well as interpretation over UMTS is still some-more energy complete than upon allied GSM networks. Apple, Inc. cited UMTS energy expenditure as a reason which a initial era iPhone customarily upheld EDGE. Their recover of a iPhone 3G quotes speak time upon UMTS as half which accessible when a handset is set to have have have make have make make make make use of of of of of of of of of GSM. As battery as well as network record improves, this emanate is diminishing.

Releases

The expansion of UMTS progresses according to programmed releases. Each recover is written to deliver brand brand brand brand brand new facilities as well as urge upon existent ones.

Release ‘99

Bearer services

64 kbit/s circuit switched

384 kbit/s parcel switched

Location services

Call services: concordant with Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), formed upon Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)

Release 4

Edge radio

Multimedia messaging

MExE (Mobile Execution Environment)

Improved place services

IP Multimedia Services (IMS)

Release 5

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

IPv6, IP ride in UTRAN

Improvements in GERAN, MExE, etc

HSDPA

Release 6

WLAN integration

Multimedia promote as well as multicast

Improvements in IMS

HSUPA

Fractional DPCH

Release 7

Enhanced L2

64 QAM , MIMO

VoIP over HSPA

CPC – successive parcel connectivity

See also

List of Deployed UMTS networks

3G

3GPP: a physique which manages a UMTS standard.

3GPP Long Term Evolution, a 3GPP plan to develop UMTS towards 4G capabilities.

GAN/UMA: A customary for using GSM as well as UMTS over wireless LANs.

Opportunity Driven Multiple Access, ODMA: a UMTS TDD mode communications relaying protocol

HSDPA, HSUPA: updates to a W-CDMA air interface.

PDCP

Subscriber Identity Module

UMTS-TDD: a assorted of UMTS mostly used to yield wireless Internet service.

UMTS magnitude bands

W-CDMA: a initial air interface customary used by UMTS.

W-CDMA 2100

Other, non-UMTS, 3G as well as 4G standards:

CDMA2000: developed from a cmdaOne (also well well well well known as IS-95, or “CDMA”) standard, managed by a 3GPP2

FOMA

TD-SCDMA

WiMAX: a newly rising far-reaching area wireless technology.

UMTS is an expansion of a GSM mobile phone standard.

GSM

GPRS

EDGE

ETSI

Other utilitarian information

Mobile modem

Spectral potency more aged table

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Common commander channel or CPICH, a elementary synchronisation channel in WCDMA.

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a vital emanate of mixed receiver research.

Wi-Fi: a internal area wireless record which is interrelated to UMTS.

List of device bandwidths

Operations as well as Maintenance Centre

Radio Network Controller

UMTS security

Literature

Martin Sauter: Communication Systems for a Mobile Information Society, John Wiley, Sep 2006, ISBN 0-470-02676-6

Ahonen as well as Barrett (editors), Services for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) initial book upon a services for 3G, ISBN 978-0471485506

Holma as well as Toskala (editors), WCDMA for UMTS, (Wiley, 2000) initial book dedicated to 3G technology, ISBN 978-0471720515

Kreher as well as Ruedebusch, UMTS Signaling: UMTS Interfaces, Protocols, Message Flows as well as Procedures Analyzed as well as Explained (Wiley 2007), ISBN 978-0470065334

Laiho, Wacker as well as Novosad, Radio Network Planning as well as Optimization for UMTS (Wiley, 2002) initial book upon air wave network formulation for 3G, ISBN 978-0470015759

Notes

^ The tenure W-CDMA customarily refers to UMTS’ categorical air interface, UTRA-FDD, or networks which customarily work upon UTRA-FDD. However, there have been singular instances where it is used in a broader sense, as a equivalent term for UMTS or any UMTS air interface. For example, 3GPP refers to b]oth Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) as well as Time Division Duplex (TDD) variants of W-CDMA, i.e. UTRA-FDD as well as UTRA-TDD.

References

^ a b 3GPP records which here right away existed most opposite names for a same element (eg FOMA, W-CDMA, UMTS, etc); 3GPP. “Draft outline minutes, decisions as well as actions from 3GPP Organizational Partners Meeting#6, Tokyo, 9 Oct 2001″ (PDF). pp. 7. http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/op/OP_07/DOCS/pdf/OP6_13r1.pdf.

^ 3GPP. “Keywords (WCDMA, HSPA, LTE, etc): W-CDMA”. http://www.3gpp.org/article/w-cdma. Retrieved 2009-06-15.

^ Tindal, Suzanne (8 Dec 2008). “Telstra boosts Next G to 21Mbps”. ZDNet Australia. http://www.zdnet.com.au/news/communications/soa/Telstra-boosts-Next-G-to-21Mbps/0,130061791,339293706,00.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-16.

^ 3GNewsroom.com (2003-11-29). “3G Glossary – UTRA”. http://www.3gnewsroom.com/html/glossary/u.shtml. Retrieved 2009-02-16.

^ ITU-D Study Group 2. “Guidelines upon a well-spoken passing from one to another of existent mobile networks to IMT-2000 for building countries (GST); Report upon Question 18/2″. pp. 4, 2528. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/opb/stg/D-STG-SG02.18-1-2006-PDF-E.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-15.

^ The FCC’s Advanced Wireless Services bandplan

^ Forkel et al. (2002). “Performance Comparison Between UTRA-TDD High Chip Rate And Low Chip Rate Operation”. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.3672. Retrieved 2009-02-16.

^ Siemens (2004-06-10). “TD-SCDMA Whitepaper: a Solution for TDD bands” (pdf). TD Forum. pp. 69. http://www.tdscdma-forum.org/en/pdfword/200511817463050335.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-15.

^ Hsiao-Hwa Chen (2007), John Wiley as well as Sons, pp. 105106, ISBN 978-047002294-8

^ ^http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118306134626851922.html

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media associated to: UMTS

3GPP Specifications Numbering Schemes

Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications, up to Release 8

UMTS FAQ upon UMTS World

Worldwide W-CDMA magnitude allocations upon UMTS World

UMTS TDD Alliance The Global UMTS TDD Alliance

3GSM World Congress

UMTS Provider Chart

v d e

Mobile telephony as well as mobile telecommunications standards

0G (radio telephones)

MTS MTA MTB MTC IMTS MTD AMTS OLT Autoradiopuhelin

1G

NMT AMPS Hicap Mobitex DataTAC TACS ETACS

2G

GSM/3GPP family

GSM CSD

3GPP2 family

CdmaOne (IS-95)

Other

D-AMPS (IS-54 as well as IS-136) CDPD iDEN PDC PHS

2G transitional

(2.5G, 2.75G)

GSM/3GPP family

HSCSD GPRS EDGE/EGPRS

3GPP2 family

CDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

iDEN family

WiDEN

3G (IMT-2000)

3GPP family

UMTS (UTRAN) WCDMA-FDD WCDMA-TDD UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)

3GPP2 family

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)

3G transitional

(3.5G, 3.9G)

3GPP family

HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE (E-UTRA)

3GPP2 family

EV-DO Rev. A EV-DO Rev. B

Other

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) Flash-OFDM IEEE 802.20

4G (IMT-Advanced)

3GPP family

LTE Advanced

WiMAX family

IEEE 802.16m

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History Cellular network theory List of standards Comparison of standards Spectral potency more aged table Cellular frequencies GSM magnitude bands UMTS magnitude bands Mobile broadband

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